A framework from sustainability transitions research, associated mainly with Frank Geels, for explaining how socio-technical systems (energy, transport, food) change over decades. It works across three levels. Niches are protected spaces where radical innovations develop. The regime is the dominant, stabilised set of technologies, practices, rules and institutions. The landscape is the slow exogenous context — demographics, macro-economics, climate, deep cultural trends.
Transitions happen when landscape pressure and maturing niche innovations destabilise the regime, opening space for a new configuration to break through. Geels and Schot (2007) also set out a typology of transition pathways describing different ways this can unfold.
Note: MLP has no dedicated Wikipedia article; this links a topic-specific explainer.